Antarctica today takes a lot of heat from above, thanks to two hundred years of carbon-belching human activity and the warming this has caused.
An increasing number of researchers also think the frozen Southern Continent faces significant warming from below: Hot rock pluming upward through Earth's mantle, leaking heat through the crust, and melting the bottoms of Antarctic ice sheets.
The effect, first proposed 30 years ago, seems especially strong in West Antarctica, where ice sheet losses are most dramatic and contributing to sea-level rise. But few scientists believed this was happening, at least initially.
"I thought it was crazy," Hélène Seroussi, a climatologist and ice researcher at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a press release. "I didn't see how we could have that amount of heat and still have ice on top of it."
Map of antarctic ice flow speeds. (NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualisation Studio)
However, a new study by Seroussi and others now backs up the idea of a hot mantle plume - and the melting it causes - with advanced computer modelling.
The work was published September 1 in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.
Rising from the depths
Earth's internal heat is always warming up the ground, including rock under ice sheets all over the planet. While this partially melts them from below, snow and ice accumulation on top is usually enough to balance out these losses.
Over the years, however, researchers who study Antarctic ice melt have detailed an anomaly at West Antarctica. There, ice sheet thinning is more drastic than anywhere else on the continent, according to satellite data.
Thinning ice sheets most dramatic in West Antarctica. (ESA/Planetary Visions)
Since the industrial revolution, the North and South Poles have warmed at a rate many times faster than other locations on Earth. In Antarctica, this is melting ice sheets from above and pooling water on top of them - possibly helping carve off Delaware-size icebergs.
But a warming climate does not fully explain Antarctica's mounting ice loss. So in recent years, researchers have looked deeper for an answer.
Hiding under the ice
One line of research has discovered, documented, and even drilled into and explored a vast system of sub-glacial lakes and rivers.
This water helps lubricate the movement of ice sheets from the snowy mountains to the sea - and certain parts of the Southern Continent, where there's a lot of sub-glacial water - are moving and melting faster than others.
Antarctica's sub glacial lakes. (NSF/Zina Deretsky)
Scientists have also dug into the mystery of a bulge in Earth's crust below West Antarctica, called the Marie Byrd Land Dome. At first, it was thought the crust was thicker there. But earthquake-like seismic measurements disproved that idea.
Something else is buoying the region, and recent seismic imaging - essentially 3D-radar for Earth's crust and mantle - suggests there's a warm plume of rock below West Antarctica. (Just as sound waves travel slower through liquids than solids, seismic waves slow down when encountering hotter, more gooey, and less-dense rock.)
Since this could just be an irregularity in the mantle, Seroussi and her colleagues borrowed from a computer model used to simulate the giant plume of hot rock below Yellowstone National Park.
Measurements suggest a hot plume of mantle rock below West Antarctica. (Helene Seroussi et al./JGR Solid Earth; Business Insider)
Researchers plugged in all of the known physics about the mantle, Antarctica, and its ice sheets - including their changing altitude, movement, friction caused by that movement, melting rates, and more - and produced dozens of simulations, according to NASA JPL.
Those simulations showed that heat spilling from a hot mantle plume could be up to three times greater than it is for a normal, non-volcanic chunk of mantle below the US. And compared to mantle below Yellowstone, the heat output could be 75 percent that of the volcanically active region.
When the researchers compared that heat output to basal (or bottom) melt rates in Antarctica, no places matched - except for West Antarctica. At that location, a crack or rift in the crust may be allowing heat to rapidly escape upward, the researchers wrote in their study.
"Without a plume-like heating source," they said, "our simulations show that intrinsic heating and crustal sources do not provide enough energy to generate significant amounts of basal meltwater."
This article was originally published by Business Insider.
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