Health officials, lawmakers and parents have been raising alarms about vaping for a couple of years, warning that products touted as healthier alternatives for smokers are instead drawing in young people with fun flavors and slick marketing.
But the caution has taken on new urgency in recent weeks as authorities scramble to understand a rash of mysterious vaping-linked illnesses that have put healthy people in the hospital with serious lung diseases.
On Friday, authorities announced a fifth death connected to e-cigarettes, battery-powered devices that can look like flash drives and pens and that mimic smoking by heating liquids with substances such as nicotine and marijuana.
How did the concerns start?
E-cigarettes have been on sale for more than a decade, but reports of vaping-linked illness started proliferating this year.
An investigation by state health departments in Illinois and Wisconsin traces the first signs of illness among 53 tracked patients to April. The victims - mostly young men with a median age of 19 - overwhelmingly ended up in the hospital, many under intensive care. A third went on respirators.
Patients typically experienced coughing, chest pain or shortness of breath before their health deteriorated to the point they needed to be hospitalized, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Other reported symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever and weight loss.
Many victims have ended up with acute respiratory distress syndrome, a life-threatening condition in which fluid builds up in the lungs and prevents the oxygen people's bodies need to function from circulating in the bloodstream.
The Washington Post's Lena Sun chronicled one Utah man's experience with the disease:
Within days, Alexander Mitchell had gone from being a 20-year-old hiking enthusiast to being kept alive by two machines forcing air into and out of his lungs and oxygenating his blood outside of his body.
"He went from being sick to being on death's door in literally two days," recalled his father, Daniel Mitchell, as he struggled to grasp the unthinkable. "The doctor said he was dying. In all honesty, I was preparing to plan a funeral for my child. I wept and wept for this boy."
… Six weeks after he left the hospital, Mitchell has resumed hiking. But with his lung capacity diminished by 25 percent, he doesn't go for long or as often as he used to. He also struggles with his short-term memory. Doctors say they're not sure whether he will fully recover.
The first death to a vaping-related illness was reported Aug. 23 in Illinois. At that time, federal and state officials were investigating almost 200 cases of the baffling sickness in 22 states, according to the CDC.
Earlier this week, Oregon officials announced a second death, saying a middle-aged adult fell seriously ill after vaping with marijuana oil. It was the first casualty linked to a store-bought product. (Authorities have not provided product details for the Illinois death).
Three more deaths were soon disclosed in Indiana, Minnesota and California.
Officials say they are not sure why the afflictions are just now surfacing.
"We're all wondering if this is new or just newly recognized," the CDC's Dana Meaney-Delman said Friday.
Who is affected?
As of Friday, officials count 450 US cases of potentially vaping-related illness spread among 33 states and one territory.
While most of the victims have been young, all those who died were adults, according to authorities. One victim was 65, one middle-aged and another identified as older and suffering from chronic health problems. Officials have not specified the ages of the other two.
What do we know about the cause of the illnesses?
Officials are still trying to figure out what, exactly, is causing people to fall ill. They think chemicals are to blame.
"The focus of our investigation is narrowing, and that is great news, but we are still faced with complex questions in this outbreak that will take time to answer," Ileana Arias, the acting deputy director for noninfectious diseases at CDC, said.
The Post reported earlier this week that investigators at the US Food and Drug Administration found the same vitamin E-derived oil in marijuana products vaped by multiple people sickened around the country. But officials cautioned that they could not yet pin the illnesses on it.
And some victims have said they vaped only nicotine products, according to authorities, though doctors also say patients may be hesitant to admit using marijuana.
Officials add that there are no particular vaping devices or products linked to all cases and are looking into potential contamination or counterfeit, as many victims report buying marijuana on the street rather than from a store.
As authorities advise people to stop vaping as they try to get to the bottom of the illnesses - the CDC is leading inquiries and working with state health departments - some lawmakers have called for more urgent action. Sen. Richard J. Durbin (D-Ill.) on Friday accused the FDA's acting chief, Norman "Ned" Sharpless, of "sitting on his hands," tweeting that he would call for the leader's resignation if he did not "take action in the next 10 days."
New York's health commissioner, Howard Zucker, warned residents Saturday to stop using vape products until the CDC could determine the cause of the vaping-related illnesses nationwide. He also urged medical marijuana patients to discuss alternatives with their doctors, although no sicknesses have been reported among patients in the state's medical marijuana program.
How common is vaping?
Vaping has risen dramatically around the world - from 7 million users in 2011 to 35 million a few years ago - as smoking rates decline.
Tobacco and cigarette company Altria Group estimated nearly 14 million nicotine e-cigarette users in the United States earlier this summer. Another study found last year that more than half of American adult e-cigarette users are under 35 years old, stoking concerns about vaping among young people.
Studies showing vaping's growing popularity among teens sparked particular worry last year. About 37 percent of 12th-graders reported vaping over the past year in one government-funded US survey released in December - nearly a 10 percentage point increase from 2017.
Past-month nicotine vaping rates among the seniors doubled, and younger students also reported higher use; marijuana vaping rose, too. And a CDC report found last year that e-cigarettes were the most popular product among the nearly 5 million high school and middle school students who used tobacco within a 30-day period.
Why were e-cigarettes controversial before the vaping-linked illness reports?
Mysterious illnesses aside, many have accused e-cigarette manufacturers of exposing young people to addictive nicotine and luring them toward smoking. The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine say they found "substantial evidence" that youths who try vaping are more likely to use conventional cigarettes.
Last fall, then-FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb called teenage vaping an " epidemic" as he announced a crackdown on more than 1,300 entities allegedly selling e-cigarettes to minors. He threatened to ban the flavored vaping liquids that have drawn so much scrutiny for their appeal to young people - unless e-cigarette manufacturers such as Juul Labs worked to substantially curb underage use.
That threat has not come to fruition at a federal level, but Michigan on Wednesday became the first state to announce a ban on flavored vaping products. San Francisco - home to Juul Labs - became the first city to ban all e-cigarette sales in June, a year after it outlawed flavored products.
E-cigarette makers have lobbied aggressively against these measures and argue that their products can help smokers quit while giving those addicted to nicotine a safer option than burning tobacco. They say they're working to address underage vaping and warn that an outright ban could just replace regulated sales with a black market.
The CDC agrees that e-cigarettes can help smokers who substitute them for regular tobacco products, and health professionals believe vaping to be safer than traditional smoking, which kills 8 million people per year according to the World Health Organization. But the FDA has yet to vet vaping products, and experts caution that the long-term consequences of using e-cigarettes remain unclear.
Marisa Iati contributed to this report.
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