NASA's Juno spacecraft just captured images of colourful bursts of lightning-like electricity high in Jupiter's atmosphere.
These phenomena, which include jellyfish-shaped 'sprites' and glowing disks called 'elves', also occur high up in Earth's atmosphere during thunderstorms.
They were first documented in 1989. Scientists predicted that other planets that have lightning, like Jupiter, would also produce these transient luminous events.
But nobody had ever seen alien sprites or elves until now.
Juno has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016 and collecting images of its aurorae in ultraviolet light. A team of researchers processing those snapshots recently noticed something odd.
The south pole of Jupiter and an extremely brief flash of light (circled in yellow). (NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI)
"In the process of putting together those images, we noticed that very occasionally we saw these surprising, short-lived, bright flashes," Rohini Giles, a researcher on the Juno team, said in a press conference on Tuesday, during the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Association's Division for Planetary Sciences.
"We then went and searched through all of the data that we've taken over four years of the mission and we found a total of 11 flashes all with very similar properties," she added.
Each of these outbursts lasted just a few milliseconds.
Giles' team published a new study on these flashes in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets on Tuesday.
On Earth, sprites appear as long, red tendrils, sometimes trailing down from a diffuse halo. They happen when a lightning strike produces a high-altitude "quasi-electrostatic field," Giles said.
In other cases, lightning strikes send electromagnetic pulses upward. The pulses produce glowing disks: elves.
Red sprites above the US photographed from the ISS in 2015. (NASA)
"On Earth, sprites and elves appear reddish in colour due to their interaction with nitrogen in the upper atmosphere," Giles said. "But on Jupiter, the upper atmosphere mostly consists of hydrogen, so they would likely appear either blue or pink."
Juno can't confirm that these events were triggered by lightning strikes, since the probe's lightning-detecting instrument is on the other side of the spacecraft from its UV imaging instrument. Images from the two instruments are taken at least 10 seconds apart - a delay that's too long to capture the same brief flash of light.
But everything else points to these 11 outbursts being transient luminous events: They were extremely short-lived, emitted lots of hydrogen, and occurred about 186 miles (300 kilometers) above Jupiter's water clouds - too high to be lightning.
"We're continuing to look for more telltale signs of elves and sprites every time Juno does a science pass," Giles said.
"Now that we know what we are looking for, it will be easier to find them at Jupiter and on other planets. And comparing sprites and elves from Jupiter with those here on Earth will help us better understand electrical activity in planetary atmospheres."
This article was originally published by Business Insider.
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